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Climate change, resulting from both natural and anthropogenic factors, is expected to affect virtually every aspect of marine ecosystem structure and function from community composition and biogeochemical cycling, to the prevalence of diseases. Climate can affect all life-history stages through direct and indirect processes and the possible effects of climate change for marine populations include changes in population dynamics (body size, reproduction), community composition and geographical distributions. Climate change can be expected to affect populations, habitats, and ecosystems differently depending on their underlying characteristics (ICES 2011a, b). Although there are many uncertainties about the rates and spatial structure of future climate change, the probable and potential changes need to be considered in ecosystem management planning.
Ecosystems are complex, dynamic networks of interacting abiotic and biotic components, with a certain intrinsic capacity to adapt to perturbations such as climate change. Within ecosystems, it is individual organisms that perceive and respond to perturbations either directly through physical responses to abiotic factors or indirectly through interaction mechanisms such as predation and competition. When large numbers of individuals are affected, the response reverberates through higher levels of organization.
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The Pacific island region is highly prone to natural disasters,especially cyclones, droughts and volcanic eruptions. Theseimpose a heavy economic toll, diverting resources away fromall forms of development. In a region so dependent onagriculture as the Pacific Islands, reducing exposure to andmitigating against the effects of natural disasters offersimmediate and substantial benefits to the sustainabledevelopment of the region.This report provides a detailed account of the interrelationshipsbetween disasters and agricultural systems infour Pacific island countries: Fiji, Samoa< Tuvalu andVanuatu. The authors note that traditional agriculturalsystems provided a high degree of food security. Althoughthey have significantly changed over recent decades, manycomponents of these systems remain in place, to varyingdegrees around the region. This continues to be an importantmitigating force against the impact of disasters, as recentevents in Samoa and Vanuatu have shown. The report arguesthat the impact of natural disasters on agriculture can beconsiderably reduced, first by better environmentalmanagement and, second, by finding ways to use traditionalfarming methods and adapt them to new uses, rather than thewhole scale change to farming methods that has often beenattempted in recent decades.This report is one in the series of reports commissioned bythe South Pacific Disaster Reduction Programme. Thepurpose behind these reports has been to increase awarenessof the importance of disaster reduction for sustainabledevelopment in the Pacific region, and to demonstrate thatthere are practical ways to reduce the exposure of islandeconomies and communities to natural hazards. The 1990swere designated by the United Nations General Assembly to
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Grafting hemi name we ol farmer oli usum blo maretemem ol trees. Yu save mekem grafting sapos trees oli kam out lo same family group trees. Exampol, yu save graftem ol aranis, pamplemus, mo lemon. Climate change I mekem se plante hud blong yumi oli stap kasem ol niufala sik mo oli stap ded. Olsem grafting I save helpem yu blong maretem ol strong hud blong oli nomo ded.
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Process ia blong priperem kumala olsem silage hemi wan wei blong storem kakai blong pig blong i save stap longfala taem, mo blong hemi gud mo sef tru long wan taem blong disaster or wan extreme klaemet event olsem saeklon.
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Climate jenj I stap afektem Vanuatu bigwan naoia. Ol jenj long ren mo tempaja I save spoilem agrikalja. Climate change tu I stap bringim ol strongfala win olsem tropical cyclone we I stap daonem plante crops blong yumi.
Banana hemi wan crop long Vanuatu we hemi isi blong cyclone I daonem. Afta long cyclone samfala taem I had blong faenem planting material blong yu save planem bak plantesen blong yu.
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Ol scientist ol agree se klaemet istapjenis. Hemia nao wanem oli singaotemglobal warming. Igat fulap samting icontribute long global warming. Hemi igatincrease blo urganization, deforestationmo rapis fasen blo sakem ol agrikajarolwaste. Klaemet jenis hemi causem olsamting olsem rise blo silevel motemperaja.
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Tri o wud hemi wan veri impoten risoslong yumi. Long ol tri, yumi save mekemfulap samting long hem we yumi usumlong laef blong yumi everi dei. Plentiman i depend long ol forest, bus mo ol tri.Bus o fores i givim faea wud, frut,meresin, pos blong fanis mo haos,furniture, wud blong carving, handleblong ol tul, mo planti moa samting. Tri owud tu hemi help blong reducem carbondioxide long air we I stap raon long wol.Ol tri oli save holem taet graon tu longtaem blong flooding mo narafala kaenclimate change.
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The Pacific Islands region is experiencing climate change. Key indicators of the changingclimate include rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, rising air and sea temperatures,rising sea levels and upper-ocean heat content, changing ocean chemistry and increasingocean acidity, changing rainfall patterns, decreasing base flow in streams, changingwind and wave patterns, changing extremes, and changing habitats and species distributions.Currently, the most vulnerable areas include low islands (atoll islands and otherislands that rise only a few feet above present sea level), nearshore and coastal areas,and coral reefs. High-elevation (particularly alpine and subalpine) ecosystems are alsovulnerable. The climatic changes are affecting every aspect of life. Freshwater suppliesfor natural systems, as well as communities and businesses, are at risk. Food security isthreatened through impacts on both agriculture and fisheries. The built environment isalso at risk from coastal flooding and erosion as sea levels incrementally increase. Lossof habitat for endangered species such as monk seals, sea turtles, and Laysan ducks isexpected along with increased coral bleaching episodes, expansion of avian malaria tohigher elevations, and changes in the distribution and survival of the areas’ marine biodiversity.Over the coming decades, impacts are expected to become more widespreadand more severe.
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The assessment of available remote sensing data indicates, that there is almost no potential foractivities reducing deforestation within the CCA/REDD site. Reducing forest degradation byeliminating invasive weeds might show some potential for emission reductions and removals, butrequires further research to assess the management options and their carbon dynamics.
The community areas of Penaoru and Petawata show a potential of 664 ha for enhancing forestcarbon stocks activities. However, 65% of the potential is located outside the CCA/REDD site inareas around the villages. Only one third of the potential (219 ha) relates to areas larger than 1ha.Given the spatial distribution of potential sites, the original concept of a combined CCA-REDD sitehas to be modified. The CCA area can be maintained as established, but its management plan shouldallow for A/R activities considering that some Sandalwood stands have already been establishedinside. In case the REDD+ activities will only encompass A/R activities, the boundaries of theREDD+ sites will become obsolete and can be replaced by the community boundaries. Within thisscenario, Penaoru, Petawata and other communities will register their A/R activities and sites in a(sub)national registry applying an approved protocol. The registry will operate a spatial databaseof all EFCS activities, and measure, report, and verify their GHG removals. In its mature state, theregistry will account for all eligible REDD+ activities across islands and community territories.Early movers willing to participate in piloting REDD+ on Santo Island would have to register theiractivities based on consolidated community territories.
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Climate is always changing, and on a variety of time scales. Rarely uniform, climate is inherentlyvariable and often punctuated by extreme events. Being prepared for the consequences of climatechange, variability and extremes is a strategic policy option, once chosen by the Republic of Vanuatu.Adaptation to climate change, variability and extremes represents an important challenge for thesustainable development of society. As understanding of the climate system continues to deepenand society becomes more aware of climate‐related benefits and negative impacts, public demandfor robust climate information services is expected to grow. Communities will increasingly expectthat climate information services are: accessible, dependable, usable, credible, authoritative,responsive, flexible, and sustainable. In many cases it is perhaps necessary to provide mechanismsthat will trigger and encourage the interface between climate knowledge providers and users.The World Climate Conference‐3 (WCC‐3) with the establishment of a Global Framework for ClimateServices (GFCS) has brought a new momentum to integrate climate information and products intodecision‐making in all socio‐economic sectors, through an effective two‐way dialogue betweenproviders and users. This national summit, as its overall objective, sought to refine the interfaceamong climate knowledge providers and users, to enable more regular and profound use of climateknowledge services available in Vanuatu. Specifically focusing on land based sectors (Agriculture,Forestry, Livestock and Environment), summit organizers sought to target those most directlyaffected by climate change, variability and extremes, and who could most benefit from the use oftargeted climate information services for specific contexts. Of primary interest in this summit was
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Every person has the following fundamental duties to himself and his descendants and to others to protect the Republic of Vanuatu and to safeguard the national wealth, resources and environment in the interests of the present generation and of future generations (Art. 7d, Constitution of the Republic of Vanuatu).
Guided by the staff of the Vanuatu Department of Forests, the 1997 National Forest Policy has been reviewed and revised. Redundant aspects have been removed and issues and challenges of todayand tomorrow have been integrated, such as the impacts of climate change, downstream processing, marketing and trade, revenue generation, Ni-Vanuatu participation, reforestation and forest conservation. This updated policy is the result of a collaborative and participatory effort to set a framework for the development and management of the entire forestry sector. It is not only a reflection of the priorities of the Vanuatu Government’s Department of Forests. For that reason, the consultation process for the review was both comprehensive and inclusive, involving international, national, provincial, community, NGO and private sector stakeholders. In workshops at the national and provincial levels, a policy statement was jointly agreed upon, including a long-term vision for the forestry sector as well as both general and more specific objectives.
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The GIZ project “Climate Protection through Forest Conservation in Pacific Island Countries” has produced a report on the existing legal framework in Vanuatu with regards to REDD+. This is a direct follow-up from the Vanuatu carbon rights study (2012).
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“Adaptation to Climate Change in the Coastal Zone in Vanuatu” or the Vanuatu Coastal Adaptation Project (VCAP), will provide a valuable opportunity to the Vanuatu government to increase the resilience of its communities to future climate change induced risks such as declining coastal and marine resources and intensifying climate related hazards. The overall objective of VCAP is to improve the resilience of the coastal zone and its communities to the impacts of climate change in order to sustain livelihoods, food production and preserve and improve the quality of life in targeted vulnerable areas.
VCAP will focus on community level adaptation to climate change and will address major environmental and associated socio-economic problems facing coastal communities impacted by climate change such as land degradation, biodiversity loss, and reef destruction, all of which severely undermine prospects for sustainable development and threaten the food security of coastal communities. The project will also build on and enhance CC adaptation initiatives through climate-proofing of infrastructure as needed.
VCAP will also support information and early warning systems on coastal hazards to address the current lack of systematic analysis and prediction of climate-related events. Thus coastal communities will be less vulnerable to the effects of climate change with improved information management and data dissemination systems in place.
This bi-monthly progress report details the various activities conducted from March to April of 2015. This is the first of an ongoing series of VCAP bimonthly reports. The following sections provide detail on initial activies conducted through VCAP after TC Pam and in preparation for the inception phase of project implementation.
This Report features the following Contents:
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This Newsletter from The Department of Forestry features the following content:
1. National tree planting Day report2. Seedlings distribution to PAM affected areas in Vanuatu3. A town like Sandalwood4. GEFPAS Forest and Protected Management Area Project5. REDD+ PTAC report6. Continuation of Enhancing management and processing systems for value adding in Whitewood plantations in Vanuatu Project report7. Provincial forestry news
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Recommendations and conclustions of the workshopto increase local agricultural produce in the tourism supply chain in Vanuatu.
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Report assessing farmers' incentives and the conditioning factors that hinder or promote adoption of agricultural techniques under climate risk and evaluate its impact on food security in Niger.
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The Invasive Species Flipchart is designed to support community groups working to address the issue of invasive species in Vanuatu. These groups can include farmers, NGOs and other agencies. Government ministries, high schools, universities and colleges may also find the chart useful.
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This book is about how you can use trees and gardens together to reclaim land that has been overrun by Big Leaf Rope. This approach has many benefits. Most importantly, it will allow you to make use of otherwise wasted land, and turn it into a fertile and productive garden. Techniques outlined in this book will allow for an increased crop yield and overall profit, helping to better support you and your family. It will help to increase the variety of crops you can grow, and provide further opportunities down the road selling timber from trees. Equally, trees and wildlife that are often supressed by Big Leaf Rope will also have a chance to grow back again, helping to restore Vanuatu’s rich biodiversity. Using this technique, ongoing efforts to maintain your plot and keep it free from Big Leaf Rope will decrease, making it easier to keep your garden and surrounding environment healthy and productive. We believe that by following the approach described here, you will see benefits for your community, your environment, and even to your income. This step by step guide aims to help you in setting up your own ‘agroforestry garden’ either on your own, or as a community.
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Suva, Fiji – A major new report, Reviving Melanesia’s Ocean Economy: The Case for Action, launched today, has revealed that the ocean is a much larger part of Melanesia’s economy and future prosperity than previously understood.
Melanesia is a large sub-region in the Pacific that extends from the western end of the Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Fiji. The region includes Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu.
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The Invasive Species Pocket Guide aims to help local farmers and/or communities identify the different invasive species that exist in their communities. It can also be used by agriculture extension officers, environmental professionals, students, community groups, NGOs and other land managers in Vanuatu.
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The Invasive Species Flipchart is designed to support community groups working to address the issue of invasive species in Vanuatu. These groups can include farmers, NGOs and other agencies, government ministries, high schools, universities and colleges may also find the chart useful.
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