Adaptation Actions
Adaptation Action dataset.
Data and Resource
| ID | Major Impact | Sector Impact | Action | Additional Text |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | After a cyclone, pile tubers and fresh foods in a hole, the foods will begin to rot, but moisture will eventually drain out and the dried foods can be eaten | practiced in Big Bay Santo |
| 2 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | After a cyclone, bring Fiji taro to bush kitchen, keep in a dry place, and constantly rotate so that is does not constantly lay on one side | can last for months |
| 3 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | After a cyclone, build a yam shelter raised off the ground, that is cool and dry | Yams can last for many months. (e.g. Uripiv island) |
| 4 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | Practice fruit drying | - |
| 5 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | Practice preserve/jam making | - |
| 6 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | Dry nangai and natapoa for long term usage | Big Bay Santo |
| 7 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | Dry breadfruit for long term use | Banks and Torres |
| 8 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | Produce flour for long term use | Manioc- Paunangisu |
| 9 | Cyclone | Crops are killed | Collect wild tubers for consumption after cyclones | Examples of bush tubers from Santo, Erromango and Tanna |
| 10 | Cyclone | Salt Spray will damage crops | Utilize Salt Resistant Crops | |
| 11 | Cyclone | Salt Spray will damage crops | Protect gardens by building physical ocean barriers etc. | not especially effective with sea level rise projections |
| 12 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Plant gardens within forest wind breaks, or plant windbreaks to protect sensitive crops (glyricidia) | the coastal strip should not be used for anything but recreation/gathering etc. No gardening, residence building or clearing to protect against storm surge etc |
| 13 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Avoidance of agricultural activities in the immediate coastal strip | - |
| 14 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Plant leafy crops in gardens that are well sheltered from winds (e.g. valleys etc) | - |
| 15 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Plant root crops in exposed areas | - |
| 16 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Cut the leaves of bananas prior to a cyclone to prevent uprooting | - |
| 17 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Cut the stems of manioc prior to a cyclone to prevent uprooting | - |
| 18 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Introduce Dwarf Varieties of manioc that will be less susceptible to wind damage | - |
| 19 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Remove yam stakes during pre cyclone preparations | - |
| 20 | Cyclone | Wind physically damages crops | Utilize early harvest varieties of yam (6 months) that can be harvested before cyclone season | - |
| 21 | Cyclone | Direct damage to ecosystems or flora and fauna | Physically remove any creeping vines or invasives that threaten to colonize a damaged forest | In Vathe Santo they use environmentally benign chemicals (not affect other plants via spraying, but use injection) – 5 different trials completed: Weed Master best; and hand cutting works to slow growth but will require ongoing maintenance) |
| 22 | Cyclone | Direct damage to ecosystems or flora and fauna | Physically remove any creeping vines or invasives that threaten to colonize a damaged forest | In Vathe Santo they use environmentally benign chemicals (not affect other plants via spraying, but use injection) – 5 different trials completed: Weed Master best; and hand cutting works to slow growth but will require ongoing maintenance) |
| 23 | Cyclone | Direct damage to ecosystems or flora and fauna | Provide wild animals with fallen fruits | e.g. fruit bats and flying foxes will be searching for available foods. |
| 24 | Cyclone | Change in wood properties and timber quality (twisting, compacting etc) | Employ and train stakeholders on wood technologies to correct timber defects | - |
| 25 | Cyclone | Change in wood properties and timber quality (twisting, compacting etc) | Find markets for deformed products | clocks, carvings, furniture etc. |
| 26 | Cyclone | Change in wood properties and timber quality (twisting, compacting etc) | Develop guidelines and training on the utilization of durable and lesser known species for construction | - |
| 27 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Practice pollarding/topping to enhance for wind resistance in key species | This technique works well with young natapoa |
| 28 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Prune and thin planted forests before a cyclone | - |
| 29 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Prop young trees with braces to enhance wind resistance | - |
| 30 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Establish green belts/wind breaks around and within planted forests | Casaurina sp work well as windbreaks |
| 31 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Practice proactive management of forests (remove old, dead, diseased species that may cause damage during cyclones | - |
| 32 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Selectively harvest large, cyclone-vulnerable trees and allow small trees to remain. | - |
| 33 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Establish seed orchards in cyclone-resistant and secured locations | - |
| 34 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Take out insurance on planted forests and forestry equipment | - |
| 35 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Identify and plant dwarf fruit trees | - |
| 36 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Identify and encourage plantation establishment in areas less affected by cyclones | - |
| 37 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Discourage introduction of foreign tree species with low wind tolerance | - |
| 38 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Plant local, endemic, long-cyclone resistant species | E.g. whitewood |
| 39 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Establish permanent sample plots to investigate the impacts of cyclones of certain forests and tree species | - |
| 40 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Practice enrichment planting in cyclone/storm affected forests | - |
| 41 | Cyclone | Damage to planted forests (wind damage, breakage, toppling) | Develop plans and products that utilize (re use) cyclone-damaged trees and branches | - |
| 42 | Cyclone | Animals are Killed | Freeze Excess meat where possible | - |
| 43 | Cyclone | Animals are Killed | Preserve Meat using traditional bamboo cooking methods | Bullock meat can be preserved by slightly cooking (removing blood), and then baking inside a bamboo tube (the softest/weakest kind of bamboo). The tube must be hung in a dry place, and continuously re-heated. The preserved bullock meat can last for several weeks up to a month. |
| 44 | Cyclone | Animals are Killed | Preserve Meat using salting methods | Bullock meat can be preserved by salting. Heavily salted and dry meat is packaged into an airtight container and can last for up to a month. |
| 45 | Cyclone | Animals are Killed | Preserve Fish using multiple canning methods | Can be preserved in sterilized jars using chili, oil, curry, ginger and onion for up to a month |
| 46 | Cyclone | Animals are Killed | Preserve Fish using smoking and drying methods | Fish can be smoked which may last up to 3 days |
| 47 | Cyclone | Animals are Killed | Preserve Fish using traditional breadfruit leaf baking methods | Freshwater fish may be baked in tightly wrapped breadfruit or laplap leaves and last for up to a week |
| 48 | Cyclone | Physical Damage to Animals | Ensure that farmers have at least one area that can be used as a ‘cyclone pasture’ (open with no nearby trees) | In general experience suggests that Bullock themselves are not overly affected by exposure to strong winds, thus there is no need to bring the animals inside shelters or other structures. |
| 49 | Cyclone | Physical Damage to Animals | Farmer should have or make arrangements to have access to multiple pastures/grazing sites that will each be appropriate for a different climate situations | In general experience suggests that Bullock themselves are not overly affected by exposure to strong winds, thus there is no need to bring the animals inside shelters or other structures. |
| 50 | Cyclone | Physical Damage to Animals | Follow storm warnings/advisories to move herd to safe locations (out of wind) | For example, on Pentecost- farmers bring their herds down from exposed hillsides into the sheltered valleys below). |
| 51 | Cyclone | Physical Damage to Animals | Avoid fastening animals with ropes to fixed objects during cyclones | |
| 52 | Cyclone | Physical Damage to Animals | Keep smaller animals inside a strong enclosure during cyclones | |
| 53 | Cyclone | Physical Damage to Animals | Keep smaller animals inside a strong enclosure during cyclones | |
| 54 | Cyclone | Physical Damage to Animals | Keep animals out of/ remove animals from known swampy or low lying coastal areas in preparation for a cyclone | |
| 55 | Cyclone | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Thoroughly inspect all bullock fencing before a cyclone to cut out any living branches on posts (i.e. purao fences) | strong winds will catch the branches and then begin to root out the fence posts. |
| 56 | Cyclone | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Avoid corrosive fencing materials (i.e. barb wire) | An example of major pasture and fence damage by salt can be seen at VLD |
| 57 | Cyclone | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Allow glycine to grow over barbed wire fences to provide a physical barrier to salt exposure | |
| 58 | Cyclone | Salt Spray will damage pastures | Plant less susceptible grasses like Glycine, Signal, Guinea and Koronea grasses which may be affected by salt for 2-3 weeks after the storm, but then will recover. | If the pasture fences are located very near the sea (and less than 50-100meters), there is a high chance that salt-spray will impact (corrode) the barb wire and the kill the pasture grass during major storms and winds |
| 59 | Cyclone | Salt Spray will damage pastures | Plant wind breaks near pastures that are coastal, already salt tolerant species | The Department has tried several windbreak species (purao, pine, cylindrica) but nothing yet has been able to quell the impacts of salt spray. |
| 60 | Cyclone | Overflowing creeks/rivers damage some piping infrastructure | Raise/elevate river creek crossings highly | |
| 61 | Cyclone | Overflowing creeks/rivers damage some piping infrastructure | Bury/lower river/creek crossings well underground | |
| 62 | Cyclone | Overflowing creeks/rivers damage some piping infrastructure | If possible, have water pipes cross rivers/creeks at less vulnerable points up or down stream | even if not a direct piping course |
| 63 | Cyclone | Overflowing creeks/rivers damage some piping infrastructure | Use local knowledge of cyclone vulnerable areas when laying water pipes/infrastructure | In Futuna regarding land slide problems, serious damage to water infrastructure could have been avoided if engineers had followed local guidance |
| 64 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Use spring boxes around sources , to ensure nothing gets into the source itself | |
| 65 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Close down inlets to water into tanks before a storm, reopen after event | |
| 66 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Ensure there is enough water storage for use during and after the storm events | |
| 67 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Practice regular water monitoring | An accurate system must advise when to drink from a possibly contaminated water source or when to wait. Need a PH logger inside the water sources as an indicator |
| 68 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Ensure the manhole in ferro cement tanks is fitted perfectly to avoid ash fall or other contaminants entering the tanks | On Tanna the tank hole covers do not fit, and debris is able to wash into the tank |
| 69 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Do not glue in the downpipe of the tank, must be able to pull out as needed before storms | |
| 70 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Rain water tanks should use a T joint (first flush system) so that all contaminants are flushed away before water is collected | |
| 71 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Close off water sources before a cyclone events to prevent flooding, contamination, especially to crop irrigation areas | - |
| 72 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Use sediment filtration boxes to purify water | On Pentecost- Ranwati school- built 3 sediment filtration boxes, successful, not too expensive 100,000vt for the whole system) built with plywood and cement |
| 73 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Use slow sand filters for the best filtration of contaminated water | slow sand filters may be effective, however need a very large filter for a good flow of water (community size) |
| 74 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Design the simplement water filtration systems for Vanuatu sustainability | systems will require training and maintenance, which is already a problem here for simpler in Vanuatu systems |
| 75 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Boil water to kill microorganisms and may also reduce this bad 'tank' taste | Rainwater tanks may provide water that is not as tasty as those used to drinking from fresh springs etc |
| 76 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Do not rely on a single source of water; have several backups | may be expensive unfeasible for communities/household to have both piped supply AND rainwater tanks |
| 77 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Undertake monitoring of water sources after cyclone, to target assistance | |
| 78 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Encourage self sufficiency and self help and local disaster response | |
| 79 | Cyclone | Sediments and Debris contaminate water supply | Mainstreaming hazard assessment and risk management into the current plans and policies | water safety planning and IWRM |
| 80 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | User change technical designs of sources to be cyclone proofed | New designs are now available, changed in 2000, better for high wind, including suggested materials to build tanks etc |
| 81 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | Ensure that tank catchment roofs are securely fastened before a storm | Often water tank withstands the winds, but catchment roofing is lost |
| 82 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | Small dams & spring boxes may be used so the source itself is not buried | |
| 83 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | Adjust the design of the intake box | G&M may be beginning a trial on Malo, but no national design has been validated yet |
| 84 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | Promote underground tanks that are not susceptible to winds | |
| 85 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | Use strong ferro cement tanks that will not move in wind | may be vulnerable to tree and debris damage |
| 86 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | Do not use light plastic polytanks in cyclone exposed areas | Cyclones are especially problematic for light plastic polytanks |
| 87 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | Keep water source areas cleared, cut old branches and remove possible debris to protect infrastructure | |
| 88 | Cyclone | Water sources are destroyed directly | Build sea walls/other barriers around exposed coastal spring sources | Matantas- storm surge permanently damaged coastal source |
| 89 | Drought | Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight | Intercrop with valuable trees | With too much sun, crops/fruits are not yet mature but the crop leaves/fruits dry and dies |
| 90 | Drought | Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight | Intercrop taro with trees that will provide some sunlight penetration | Note: taro requires good sunlight to thrive |
| 91 | Drought | Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight | Intercrop kumala with banana to provide shade for kumala | Intercrop kumala with banana to provide shade |
| 92 | Drought | Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight | Intercrop trees with banana to provide shade for bananas | impacts of excessive heat and sunlight on bananas include: The fruit is very small when it ripens, Offshoot suckers do not bear fruit as much as the mother stalk, the inside of the ripe-looking banana is rotten, the stalk of the banana becomes dry and the stem looses turgor and falls down, root rot kills the banana |
| 93 | Drought | Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight | Practice alley cropping with nutrient providing and shade producing trees like glyricidia | Appropriate for most crops inc: Taro , manioc, kumala |
| 94 | Drought | Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight | Plant taro under green net (60-80% sunlight) shade cloth | likely very expensive |
| 95 | Drought | Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight | Use live staking of yam leaves, so that the live supports will provide shade to the yam plant | |
| 96 | Drought | Crops are exposed to excessive sunlight | Grow sensitive crops in protected nurseries | |
| 97 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Use mulching around crops to trap moisture | Appropriate for most crops inc: Taro , manioc |
| 98 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Use compost around crops to trap moisture | |
| 99 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Rotate crops inside disused livestock pastures to take advantage of manure fertilizers | |
| 100 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Place manure on and around the stems of crops | |
| 101 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Utilize mucuna and other crops to cover and replenish soils | Appropriate for most crops inc: Taro , manioc |
| 102 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Use cover crops for at least 3 years on degraded soil before planting dry land taro | Cover crops should be used for at least 3 years on degraded soil before planting dry land taro |
| 103 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Practice minimum tillage of soils before planting, which will hold soil moisture and nutrients | |
| 104 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Plant heat and sun tolerant varieties of Taro like navia and taro with small leaves, and leaves pointed down away from the sun. | |
| 105 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Select for manioc varieties with smaller leaves and those that grow shorter | may be available at VRTC |
| 106 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Select for manioc varieties that are drought resilient | W. Coast Manioc or some used in custom, which are drought resistant , although these can be quite strong to grate and tougher to eat when cooked. |
| 107 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Select for yam varieties that produce minisetts (small tubers that do not easily rot or dry out) | |
| 108 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Encourage the domestication of wild yam varieties that are climate resistant | |
| 109 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Utilize drought resistant varieties of island cabbage (e.g. red vein cabbage, not white). | |
| 110 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Encourage more planting of Vietnam/Chinese Banana as a hardy and drought resilient variety | |
| 111 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Select drought and sun resistant vegetables (e.g. beans, white bun/Chinese cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes, pumpkin, capsicum, cucumber, spring onions) | |
| 112 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Use grafting techniques resilient varieties | |
| 113 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Practice targeted irrigation around the roots of the crop | may be cost intensive. Appropriate for most crops inc: Taro , manioc |
| 114 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Irrigate individual high value plants, with bucket or other means | |
| 115 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Irrigate individual high value plants, with bucket or other means | |
| 116 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Be conscious of the timing for planting of Taro before drought plant 5-6 month Taro that will be ready for harvest and immune to the dry season. | especially el Niño event forecasts |
| 117 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Follow and act on Meteo climate advisories: el Niño la Niña | - |
| 118 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Plant yams before the onset of a major drought event | Plant yams before the onset of a major drought event |
| 119 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Plant island cabbage every 2 months to ensure that seasonality will not affect all plants at all stages of cabbage growth | |
| 120 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Relocate garden site to more moist/shaded area | The fruit is not yet mature but the banana dries and dies as if were time for harvest |
| 121 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Allow several years of garden fallow before replanting in the same area | |
| 122 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Use permaculture in order to continuously protect soils from excessive drying and overheating | |
| 123 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Do not burn gardens as cleaning methods, rather weed and leave grass as a mulch to hold soil moisture and nutrients | |
| 124 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Avoid Garden clearing or maintenance to allow moisture retention | |
| 125 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Use multiple farming systems (mulching, alley cropping, mix planting etc) | |
| 126 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Plant water sensitive/needy plants around water giving plants like nangalat and banana | |
| 127 | Drought | Crops do not have sufficient water | Remove all but two young banana shoots away from the mother tree and replant in a different area (to relieve water stress during dry seasons) | |
| 128 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Preserve Taro suckers in household nurseries | |
| 129 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Collect taro seeds and sow to encourage new varieties, maintain biodiversity, and find climate resistant strains. | |
| 130 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Practice Tissue Culture in research stations to preserve genetic diversity and climate resilient varieties | |
| 131 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Bury planting materials to preserve them during dry and hot times | |
| 132 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Utilize store bought/chemicals fertilizers to enhance productivity | |
| 132 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Utilize store bought/chemicals fertilizers to enhance productivity | |
| 133 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Utilize custom fertilizers and manures to enhance productivity | |
| 134 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Utilize all parts of vegetables (e.g. pumpkin fruit and leaf tops, sutsut fruit and shoots) | |
| 134 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Utilize all parts of vegetables (e.g. pumpkin fruit and leaf tops, sutsut fruit and shoots) | |
| 135 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Utilize traditional vegetable crops (ferns or vines) | |
| 136 | Drought | Crops experience die off | Take stock of and re-promote traditional foods | Tubers in Erromango, Tanna and Santo that are collected when other tubers die |
| 137 | Drought | Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant | Introduce freshwater namarai to stagnant pools | Namarai- dig holes in the mud, die when dry. _ the namarai help the flow of water with their digging (aeration). Can be a solution for dead water. Say namarai can pull water |
| 138 | Drought | Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant | Physically move animals from drying streams to others that are running | use buckets to relocate snails, slugs, naura, freshwater fish |
| 139 | Drought | Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant | Channel water from consistent source for sensitive animals in drying pools | Freshwater Fish eggs may dry out when rivers are dry |
| 140 | Drought | Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant | Clean water sources of debris/obstruction to allow flow of water to drying aquatic habitats | |
| 141 | Drought | Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant | Build water storage areas (dams etc) for vulnerable species | |
| 142 | Drought | Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant | Establish protected areas/tabus to control other threats to drought stressed animals and plants | often protected areas are too small to adequately protect these flora and fauna |
| 143 | Drought | Change in timing of fruiting seasons | Utilize green houses for enhanced/controlled fruit production | Fruit trees may be improved in dry conditions (sweetness and abundance) |
| 143 | Drought | Change in timing of fruiting seasons | Utilize green houses for enhanced/controlled fruit production | Fruit trees may be improved in dry conditions (sweetness and abundance) |
| 143 | Drought | Change in timing of fruiting seasons | Utilize green houses for enhanced/controlled fruit production | Fruit trees may be improved in dry conditions (sweetness and abundance) |
| 143 | Drought | Water in streams and pools becomes stagnant | Utilize green houses for enhanced/controlled fruit production | Fruit trees may be improved in dry conditions (sweetness and abundance) |
| 144 | Drought | Change in timing of fruiting seasons | Identify traditional and novel fruiting seasons and patterns of key tree species | |
| 145 | Drought | Food web, flora association, and symbiotic species disruptions | Undertake ecosystem enrichment planting | |
| 145 | Drought | Food web, flora association, and symbiotic species disruptions | Undertake ecosystem enrichment planting | |
| 146 | Drought | Food web, flora association, and symbiotic species disruptions | Identify and focus on sensitive/vulnerable ecosystems for management | |
| 147 | Drought | Reduction in germination rates | Undertake artificial germination of important species (nursery) | |
| 148 | Drought | Reduction in germination rates | Collect and store wildings for replanting | |
| 149 | Drought | Tree Death | practice species site selection | e.g. sandalwood on dry sides of islands |
| 150 | Drought | Water-catchments and watersheds dry up | Provide awareness on the importance of water catchment areas for water quality | |
| 151 | Drought | Water-catchments and watersheds dry up | Establish protected areas over sensitive water catchments | often communities seek benefits from CA with unrealistic tourism aspirations (E.g. Vathe CA Santo) |
| 152 | Drought | Water-catchments and watersheds dry up | Reforest and rehabilitate forests within sensitive watershed and catchment areas | |
| 153 | Drought | Water-catchments and watersheds dry up | Place and enforce buffer zones around streams and water sources | |
| 154 | Drought | Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity | Establish site specific water guidelines for each species to ensure planting in right location | |
| 155 | Drought | Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity | Implement irrigation systems on commercial properties | |
| 156 | Drought | Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity | Irrigate individual high value individual trees, with bucket or other means | |
| 157 | Drought | Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity | Introduce desalination/distillation for irrigation in dry coastal communities | |
| 158 | Drought | Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity | Develop and expand water storage facilities/infrastructure (water tanks and reservoirs) | |
| 159 | Drought | Wilting of tree leaves/stems, loss of productivity | Identify and relocate vulnerable species to wetter locations. | see matrix for forest species |
| 160 | Drought | Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight | Plant shade trees around and within bullock and pig pastures/enclosures | Plant leguminous trees. Kasis and Glyricidia double as food for cows, Purao is good for shade. Napanga may provide shade but there exists a worry that cyclones will break branches which could affect on animals. Rain tree is an excellent shade tree- but is invasive (Buffalo grass can be grown underneath). Coconuts may provide some shade. |
| 161 | Drought | Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight | Keep forested/shade/reserve areas within the farm, so that during drought times, animals can be moved into these cooler naturally moist areas | |
| 162 | Drought | Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight | Bullock may be grazed in the open, but for resting should be brought into forests | |
| 163 | Drought | Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight | Build special enclosures for pigs to have an appropriate balance of exposure and shelter | Michelle Furet has built a house for night time, during the day, they run in a paddock (fenced) glycine pasture. Pele Island GIZ project site |
| 163 | Drought | Animals and their enclosures are exposed to climate extremes | Utilize appropriate building materials for livestock enclosres that can withstand climtic extremes | GIZ Pele Pilot site. |
| 164 | Drought | Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight | Select shady sites for pig enclosures | Lawrence- use the nambanga roots as good shade areas for pigs |
| 165 | Drought | Animals are exposed to excessive sunlight | Provide shade over the chicken fence, either with normal housing roof material or trees. | The shade trees used should also be edible (manioc) . |
| 166 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Provide bullock with bore hole wells within pastures | may be very cost intensive |
| 167 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Provide dishes of water, cement pools inside pig fence | Pigs don’t need as much water as bullock |
| 168 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Provide bullock with water dumps within pastures (Dig trenches to hold water) | E.g. in Elgres, a trench was dug and lined with plastic sheeting, but soon afterwards the bullock entered the trench and broke the plastic |
| 169 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Proactively move animals (bullock, pigs, goats etc) close to rivers, streams and water sources during drought times. | |
| 170 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Build cement water catchment pools within the bullock enclosure | |
| 171 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Provide water to chickens in dishes inside of the fence | |
| 172 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Practice compositing inside the chicken fence, to keep soil moisture and also attract food insects | |
| 173 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Design bullock pastures so that streams and other water courses pass through them | this may cause environmental concerns downstream and with water quality |
| 174 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Design bullock pastures with appropriate mix of grasses: 70% grass, 30% legume | This ratio depend on stocking rate and water content of grass used |
| 175 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Utilize gravity feed water systems to bring water into the pasture | |
| 176 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Use Bamboo ‘pipes’ to get water running into farms | Malekula as an example |
| 177 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Use living fences to feed and provide moisture-filled leaves for bullocks during dry times. | E.g. at Klem Hill (kaltuk, has trialed in his farm), the farmer planted Purao trees along the fence and didn’t cut back the leaves. During a prolonged dry spell the bullock ate the leaves to get water. When the Steers from the ‘dry’ pasture were taken to the abattoir, they were almost same weight as bullock from other farms that had had access to regular water supply. Used on Santo w/ a climbing big leaf heavily variegated vine and also the Big Leaf Meremia vine. |
| 178 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Feed chickens with moisture rich Navarra & other fresh foods and fruits (pawpaw, mango nakavika ) | |
| 179 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Feed pigs with moisture rich foods like banana stem, taro , Navarra, pineapple, watermelon, climbing vines, Meremia big leaf. | Some farmers plant pineapples for pig only |
| 180 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Cross breed and select for drought resistant bullock feed varieties | elephant grass, nail grass and siratro. |
| 181 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Let chickens out of fence during the day to find water, but for sleeping come back inside. | |
| 182 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Allow chickens to drink dew on plants outside of the fence. | |
| 183 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Let pigs go into the coconut plantations and cut Navarra for them there | Let pigs go into the coconut plantations and cut Navarra for them there |
| 184(2) | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Practice integrated agriculture; use animal manure for crop fertilization, and produce additional crops specially for pig feed | GIZ Pele Pilot site. |
| 184 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Fence of plantations especially for use by pigs | On Tongoa, some landowners fence off plantations specially for pigs. also Tati Larent. |
| 185 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | If domesticating wild pig varieties, ensure they have access to water rest areas | Wild pigs choose rainy wet spots for sleeping etc, and roam widely during drought. |
| 186 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Limit the water consumption of pigs to train them for leaner times | If pigs get used to having water always, during dry times they will face more issues. |
| 187 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | During extreme drought farmer should consider reducing his stock (selling animals). | The best time to sell is at a change of seasons (wet-dry). |
| 188 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | During dry times, the bullocks should be mating, and during the wet productive growing seasons, the animals should be calving. | |
| 189 | Drought | Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity | Cross breed, select for and utilize drought resilient varieties of bullock | Charolais (white)- can moderately tolerate drought. , Brahman- is very good for drought (as are the local cross-breeds with Brahman) |
| 190 | Drought | Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity | Cross breed, select for and utilize drought resilient Rasta chickens | Rasta fowls may be resilient (more ventilation) |
| 191 | Drought | Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity | Cross breed, select for and utilize drought resilient African chickens | Santo farmers suggest that African and Yellow Leg are also somewhat drought resistant. |
| 192 | Drought | Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity | Utilize fast breeding African chickens | The African fowls breed faster than the local one, can out breed and out compete, chicks have a higher survival rate than other varieties. More meat, better. But important not to lose other varieties |
| 193 | Flooding | Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases | Identify and relocate vulnerable species that have high risk of pest and disease attack to dryer areas | |
| 193 | Drought | Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity | Utilize chickens for meat during drought times rather than other animals | In general chickens seem to fare better than other animals. During drought chickens are more productive, during rain, the pikinini will dies. |
| 194 | Drought | Animals do not have sufficient drinking water/food | Cross breed, seletc for and utilize slim, lean wild chickens for drought times | Domesticated chickens have a larger size and require more water while wild chickens are very thin. |
| 194 | Flooding | Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases | Practice mixed species cropping systems to prevent rapid spread of disease | |
| 195 | Flooding | Increase growth of weeds and invasive species | Apply local and imported pesticides and Insecticides | Custom plant used in Matantas Santo to surround citrus trees and treat incidences of 'ring worm' |
| 195 | Drought | Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity | Domesticate wild chickens for meat but ensure robust fencing | Wild fowl is strong- but easily wanders out of the fence to the bush. |
| 196 | Flooding | Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases | Introduce biological control measures | |
| 196 | Drought | Animals suffer shortage of water and decreased productivity | Cross breed, select for and utilize drought resilient varieties of pig | Wild and Local breed are best. GIZ Pilot Site on Pele. |
| 197 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Use local knowledge on the supply from various sources throughout the year | |
| 198 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Identify nationally vulnerable areas to water shortage and target these first | e.g. el Niño affects middle bush the most etc |
| 199 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Develop national databases of water systems and supplies as a tool for decision making | already developed for tafea malampa sanma |
| 200 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Undertake surveys of alternative water sources | |
| 201 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Undertake watershed mapping for land use management and forest maintenance | |
| 202 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Do not rely on a single source of water, use and develop multiple systems | ex at Eton, during drought the use an engine pump for ground water, possible to combine bore hole and gravity feed systems. |
| 203 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Fill standby/reservoir tanks during wet times for use during dry times | |
| 204 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Use different sources systems at different types of the year | People of Malekula: Vao and Maskellynes switch from ground water to rainwater tanks according to weather pattern |
| 205 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Physically transport water to vulnerable communities | |
| 206 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Relocate households to less vulnerable areas, villages, islands | People of Aneityum have had to move to Tanna for 4-5 months during drought periods |
| 207 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Provide drought early warnings to communities | Currently Meteo gives 3 months outlook for el Niño- dry periods |
| 208 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Improve the working relationship between Meteo and Hydrology Departments | Currently Met and Hydrology have shared rain gauges, but need to improve cooperation. In other countries the two departments are joined |
| 209 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Improve Dept of Geology and Mines operational budget | Hydrology budget is now very low, need more operational support (with only 100,000vt./month-cant be proactive). |
| 210 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Water authorities must put in place water conservation or saving measures & awareness | |
| 211 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Increase tank size | |
| 212 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Increase roof catchment area | |
| 213 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Improve design standard to weather drought periods | Standard design of water tanks, 5L pp per day, designed for average dry season. Not for extremes. Meant for drinking and cooking only. Standard 50m2 roof, 5000L tank |
| 214 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Need to change water storage and use behaviors and past history – through awareness | Note: most people have built tanks already for a long time, but during droughts, these old tanks designs may not be enough |
| 215 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Develop standard tank designs for different parts of the country (north south etc) | |
| 216 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Develop water recommendations according to local contexts | Aniwa, no open water etc, recommend individual household tanks rather than communal ones vs. Mataso- insignificant source, hand pumps, and some tanks, but population there is declining so think about growth projections too. |
| 217 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Ensure that direct sunlight does not penetrate water to prevent algal growth | |
| 218 | Drought | Shortage of drinking water | Monitor, and clean sources that have become contaminated during droughts before use again | |
| 219 | Fire | Fire burns crops | Create firebreaks between bush and garden areas | |
| 220 | Fire | Fire burns crops | Remove unnecessary weeds, dead trees, dry branches and dry organic litter from gardens | |
| 221 | Fire | Fire burns crops | Relocate gardens away from fire prone areas | |
| 222 | Fire | Fire burns crops | Burn flammable grasses around gardens in the wet season to prevent excessive fuel buildup | |
| 223 | Fire | Death of wild animals | Throw moist plants (green) on the fire to slow and stop | if not a strong fire! |
| 224 | Fire | Death of wild animals | Revive cultural burning of grasslands | may have been a cultural practice on many islands |
| 225 | Fire | Death of wild animals | Ensure that grassland burning is not undertaken in biodiversity rich areas | coconut crabs, snakes and other ground dwelling organisms especially vulnerable |
| 226 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Utilize firebreaks and windbreaks to prevent to spread of forest fires | |
| 227 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Discourage burning activities around forested areas during drought seasons | |
| 228 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Practice mix cropping/planting approach to prevent spread of fire | |
| 229 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Prescribe burning in sensitive forest areas to reduce dangerous biomass fuel buildup | |
| 230 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Regularly weed, clean and maintain woodlots | |
| 231 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Ensure that fire fighting equipment is accessible and available | |
| 232 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Train forestry stakeholders on fire management and fire fighting | |
| 233 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Plant fire resilient species (bamboo and wild thatching cane) | |
| 234 | Fire | Increase incidence and severity of forest fires | Provide awareness to forestry stakeholders and communities on the risks of forest fires | |
| 235 | Fire | Animals are directly affected | Do not allow chickens to roam free and lay eggs in the bush during dry season | Adult chickens may be able to avoid fires, but eggs will be affected, especially those of wild fowl |
| 236 | Fire | Infrastructure and Pastures are burned | Use less fire prone grasses including Buffalo Grass | Guinea grass lights very easily. |
| 237 | Fire | Infrastructure and Pastures are burned | Use steel or iron for fence posts | |
| 238 | Fire | Infrastructure and Pastures are burned | Use living Fence posts which do not rapidly light | |
| 239 | Fire | Infrastructure and Pastures are burned | Encourage some overgrazing during the dry season to prevent buildup of biomass and fuel | Grazing should reach ankle level, but not higher |
| 240 | Fire | Infrastructure and Pastures are burned | Ensure that there is an appropriate number of stock in the pasture to remove potential fire fuel | If the numbers of bullock are few but much food remains, then a potential problem exists with fuel buildup |
| 241 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Use pesticides against taro beetle and other insects | |
| 242 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Encourage existing Cultural practices that prevent pests & diseases | e.g. in Torba, before planting, a special bush rope can be buried around the garden 1 month before planting taro. The smell and scent of the rope discourages beetles from invading taro plants |
| 243 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Utilize and strengthen regional networks that have experience with locally appropriate pest and disease controls | |
| 244 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Prune excess kumala leaves to control rat damage | |
| 245 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Intercrop multiple plants to control the spread of species-specific pests and diseases | |
| 246 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Treat banana nematode infestations by allowing infested roots to aerate and dry before replanting | |
| 247 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Control rat damage on tuber roots by mixing coconut with leaf of glyricidia (which acts as a rat poison) | |
| 248 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Mix concoctions of plants to create natural pesticides | Tamanu infusion water, chili infusion water, derris root infusion water, glyricidia leaf infusion. Avoid the use of synthetic chemicals for pests, but utilize traditional knowledge listed above |
| 249 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Prune excess leaves of kumala and other crops to control rat damage | |
| 250 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Harvest island cabbages regularly to reduce the number of insects that accumulate around plants | Island cabbage seems to be especially vulnerable to insect damage after a storm event (may be due to loss of normal food plants) |
| 251 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Remove diseased or pest-affected branches or plants | |
| 252 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | To prevent whitefly infestation, select island cabbage plants that are not as leafy | |
| 253 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Ensure that imported planting materials (from other islands/locations) are pest and disease free | |
| 254 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Use fire ashes to prevent insect damage on island cabbage: A. Sprinkle ashes on affected leaves, the leaves will die and the new shoots will be insect free B. Mix ashes with soil before planting island cabbage, acts as an infestation prevention C. Surround the cabbage stems by a ring of ashes | |
| 255 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Cover fruit bunches (bananas, guava etc) with plastic bags to prevent insect attacks | Insects often attack the fruits before they are mature |
| 256 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Physically remove or kill caterpillars or other pests that are found within the garden | |
| 257 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Plant around times of the year that insects are less likely to outbreak or damage crops | |
| 258 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Weed grass and maintain gardens to remove plants that could harbor pests and diseases | |
| 259 | Flooding | Crops are infested/infected by pests and disease | Use grafting techniques resilient varieties | practiced on Malekula with disease resistant cacao |
| 260 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Bury harvested cassava to preserve it before consumption | |
| 261 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Make and Use Manioc Flour for use during wet times | |
| 262 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Store harvested tubers in a cool dry place to prevent rotting before consumption | |
| 263 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Collect and sow seeds to encourage genetic diversity and obtain possible climate resistant traits | |
| 264 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Practice tissue culture in the laboratory | |
| 265 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Plant several varieties of a single crop in order to continuously select the best and healthiest planting materials | |
| 266 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Use physical barriers around gardens to prevent wind-dispersing pest intrusions | laplap leaves serve as an effective barrier |
| 267 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Prune kumala leaves to encourage growth of tuber | |
| 268 | Flooding | Crops are killed | Prop tilting banana stems with Y stakes to prevent toppling | Topping is especially problematic when heavy rains occur after a period of drought |
| 269 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Dig drainage canals in gardens to prevent pooling and flooding in gardens | |
| 270 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Practice Mix Cropping of water-sensitive crops with species that utilize lots of water and can help control water logged soils | use species with long Tap roots e.g.. Papaya or those that can quickly drink large amounts of water banana |
| 271 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Alley crop water-sensitive species in-between with water-intensive species | |
| 272 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Use plastic polybags to plant vegetables that are off the ground and cannot be flooded | |
| 273 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Build mounds in gardens and plant with vulnerable root crops to keep them above flood waters | |
| 274 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Plant crops in raised beds to prevent flooding or excess moisture | |
| 275 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Select well drained garden sites, including porous soils that do not hold water | |
| 276 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Plant along ridges or on gently sloping areas | |
| 277 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Avoid planting on flood plains or areas close to streams, creeks and rivers | Runoff, floods and landslides can easily uproot bananas |
| 278 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Plant water tolerant root crops like water taro and soft mud taro | |
| 279 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Find water tolerant varieties with help from regional and national research institutions | |
| 280 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Plant bananas in water-prone areas as they grow well with a high level of moisture; good productivity | Roots can rot with excessive moisture |
| 281 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Grow wet tolerant vegetable species (e.g. Susut and cucumber and eggplant) | |
| 282 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Protect crops and germinants from excessive Rainfallin greenhouses | |
| 283 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Change planting timing according to seasonal climate forecasts, especially la Niña events | |
| 284 | Flooding | Crops become waterlogged and rot in ground | Harvest yams early (at the first sign of leaves turning yellow) so that they will not have a chance to rot in the groups. | |
| 285 | Flooding | Top Soil is eroded | Use contour planting to prevent soil erosion during floods or storms | |
| 286 | Flooding | Top Soil is eroded | Practice minimal tillage agriculture | |
| 287 | Flooding | Top Soil is eroded | Utilize vetiver grasses to hold and prevent topsoil loss from gardens | |
| 288 | Flooding | Top Soil is eroded | Utilize animal manure to counteract soil nutrient leeching in rainy times | |
| 289 | Flooding | Floods wash away sensitive flora and fauna | Establish conserved buffer and creek rehabilitation zones | as in Lingarek Malekula creekside reforestation |
| 290 | Flooding | Floods wash away sensitive flora and fauna | Divert flood prone waterways away from sensitive biodiversity breeding areas | fast flowing water can wash away ground nesting birds (namalao etc) |
| 291 | Flooding | Floods wash away sensitive flora and fauna | Remove the invasive vines that are killing trees and covering the canopy that inhibits water removal/evaporation | |
| 292 | Flooding | Floods wash away sensitive flora and fauna | Plant trees and flora that have good root systems to control, slow flood damage | Oak trees as not suitable as river erosion control species, are easily washed away |
| 293 | Flooding | Loss of endemic species | Identify and assist regeneration of water intolerant flora and fauna species | Sheflera & Capoxilon palm (gene pool tanna and south Santo) Dysolim sp. (young) dead due to excessive moisture |
| 294 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Introduce and encourage wet tolerant species for seasonally waterlogged or low-lying areas. | |
| 295 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Undertake vegetative propagation to encourage rapid fruiting | use of cuttings enables fruit bearing trees to mature and bear faster |
| 296 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Utilize hormones to induce fruiting and flowering out of season | |
| 297 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Store seeds for use during low fruiting periods. | |
| 298 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Assess the fruiting calendars of different species in different climatic areas | |
| 299 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Protect of trees from rainfall/elements in green houses | |
| 300 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Practice anthropogenic fertilization (by hand) in cases where Rainfallinhibits natural pollination and fertilization | |
| 301 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Identify, select and plant varieties that fruit/flower at different times throughout the year. | |
| 302 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Develop, dessiminate, breed and encourage the use of rain-tolerate tree varieties | |
| 303 | Flooding | Change in flowering & fruiting seasons | Undertake grafting to ensure fruiting under controlled conditions | |
| 304 (b) | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Forest Plantations on sloping areas should be planted in various planting rows and patters to encourage soil retention | GIZ Pele Pilot site. |
| 304 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Discourage clearing of vegetation on steep slopes | |
| 304 (a) | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Reforest cleared slopes with tree and grass species with well developed root systems that will control soil erosion (e.g. vetiver and namamau) | GIZ Pele Pilot site. |
| 305 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Use downed braches as a soil erosion/runoff break (sloped areas) | |
| 306 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Gravel/pave roads in logging areas | |
| 307 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Maintain proper crossings (streams and rivers) | |
| 308 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Introduce sediment catchment devices (leaves/branches or other sediment traps) | |
| 309 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Practice good log stacking and log piling to maintain production quality during wet times | |
| 310 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Use cable logging rather than bulldozers | |
| 311 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Shift forestry operations to dry areas/islands during prolong rainy periods. | |
| 312 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Appropriately zone and spatially plan logging activities within concession areas | consider where to log based on distance to mill and environmental features of terrain and climate/weather patterns |
| 313 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Follow and plan forestry operations and activities according to Meteo forecasts and outlooks | |
| 314 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Reduce working hours/tasks during rain times | |
| 315 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Plan for the extra available labor during rain times, to do other jobs and functions | |
| 316 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Expand the use of protective gear and clothing | |
| 317 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | Introduce forestry workplace condition standards | |
| 318 | Flooding | Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area | "Logging operations are compromised: erosion in logging area, muddy conditions, degraded roads and infrastructure, moisture & rust in equipment, machine idleness and breakdowns, wasted salaries/lost income, forgone timber harvests (economic), safety and health of workers. " | Abide by the harvesting strategies outlined in the coupe harvesting plans, permits and logging agreements signed with DoF |
| 319 | Flooding | Reduce forest and tree biodiversity | Practice ex situ conservation | |
| 320 | Flooding | Reduce forest and tree biodiversity | Relocate endemic and species of cultural importance to dyer/non-waterlog areas. | |
| 321 | Flooding | Reduce forest and tree biodiversity | Practice site-species matching for reforestation/rehabilitation | |
| 322 | Flooding | Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced | Plant pasture grass species that can withstand flood conditions (para and elephant) | Para grass- on the Teouma plain and also in Tagabe copes well with flood conditions). Elephant grass is good for flood |
| 323 | Flooding | Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced | Plant pasture grass species that can tolerate water (papolo and beans) | Bullock feed varieties that are resistant to excessive moisture: papolo grass, beans etc |
| 324 | Flooding | Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced | Plant fodder tree species in pastures that tolerate water | Kasis and Glyricidia) can also be used during flood times |
| 325 | Flooding | Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced | Move bullock to less flood prone areas including hill side grazing areas, and plateaus | may have negative environmental affects |
| 326 | Flooding | Animal feed is unavailable or productivity is reduced | Make advance arrangements where bullock could be moved in case of flooding in the primary pastures | |
| 327 | Flooding | Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil | Remove bullock immediately from erosion-prone flooded areas | A major concern with flooding is that when the ground if wet/soft, and bullock are moving around, they are inadvertently digging the soil, which can be washed away. Further flooding combined with bullock activity can seriously erode an area of topsoil |
| 328 | Flooding | Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil | Keep bullock pastures in grass at all times to hold top soils in place during floods | |
| 329 | Flooding | Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil | Control the pooling of water in pasture eroded depressions to combat mosquito breeding | |
| 330 | Flooding | Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil | Do not select aggressive Brahman bullock in flood prone areas, as they dig | Brahman have a bad temperament- digs much and contributes to erosion, especially the bulls |
| 331 | Flooding | Animal movement in flooded areas leads to enhanced erosion of topsoil | Do not select aggressive African fowl in flood prone areas, as they dig | African fowls are more aggressive, especially during feeding, and dig and forage more which may contribute to erosion |
| 332 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To combat foot rot on the hooves of bullock, place stones within the paddock to trim the hooves | |
| 333 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To combat foot rot on the hooves of bullock, wash the animals in the sea | , but saltwater treatments take considerable time. |
| 334 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To treat intestinal complications when Bullock drink standing contaminated flood waters, utilize antibiotics and vaccinations | |
| 335 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To treat intestinal complications when Bullock drink standing contaminated flood waters, move bullock out of flooded pastures to other more suitable areas | |
| 336 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To treat water-related scratches on bullock skin, wash with sea water | |
| 337 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Vaccinate pigs to prevent worm buildup/burden | pigs get scratchy when worms are present; there is an effective vaccination (Tanna, Epi Malakula) sent by livestock. The farmers appreciate it. Not too expensive for medication. (1 bottle 100ml- all of Vanuatu) 1ml 30 kilo live weight. |
| 338 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Prevent spread of horseflies by ensuring new animals are fly free when brought in | Horse flies- (come out with high temps)- Disturbs the feeding regime of the bullock, can loose weight |
| 339 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Prevent spread of horseflies by not mixing bullock and horses | |
| 340 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Prevent animal pests using store bought chemicals | NEftate farmer- tried to use mortein, but didn't work |
| 341 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To prevent worm infection don’t over graze grasses or overstock pastures | When the grazing is allowed to proceed all the way to the ground, bullock, Overstocking can lead to easy transmission |
| 342 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To prevent worm infection, utilize improved pastures with higher growth rates | This will decrease the chances of worm infections from ground level grazing etc. |
| 343 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To prevent horse rust put blanket or mat or other cover over horses (or put the animal under a shelter) | horses- skin rust- due moisture rainfall |
| 344 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To treat bottle jaw on bullock (lump), undertake an Operation to remove puss | |
| 345 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To treat bottle jaw on bullock (lump), improve diet | due to worms, moisture related |
| 346 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To treat swollen eyes of chickens, treat with seawater (drinking and bathing) | caused by worms |
| 347 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To treat swollen eyes of chickens, it is also possible to change the location of the fowls to one that is more pristine without a build-up of worm eggs/larvae. | |
| 348 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To treat swollen eyes of chickens, use an infusion of lemon, panadol, chili or seawater | |
| 349 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To prevent the spread of mites on chickens, don't mix different size and age groups | adult chickens tend to have, and can pass mites to younger chickens |
| 350 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To prevent the impacts of louse on chickens, allow them to be covered in dust and have access to dusty situations | |
| 351 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | to control infections, ensure animals are eating appropriate foods | |
| 352 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | To control the spread of disease from sick chickens to others in the pens, remove or quarantine sick animals | Disease travels quickly. Ma pass in the air, food etc |
| 353 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Use customary legume leaves to treat disease in chickens | One legume used on Santo, leaves crushed and fed to chickens |
| 354 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Promote bullock as animal of choice in flooded pastures | Bullock can be quite tolerant of flood conditions in Vanuatu (e.g. at the Tagabe farm- officers observed that Charolais could still move around and were coping well) |
| 355 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Undertake research on mositure tolerant chicken varieties | Rasta fowl may or may not be appropriate for rainy times, though there may be an adaptive characteristic with its feather type . Not enough research on precip impacts on chickens |
| 356 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Ensure small chickens (chicks) have access to elevated, fully dry areas for feeding and laying | eggs, small chicks will be most affected |
| 357 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Plant water absorbing trees around chicken coops | Bamboo works well and also provides an egg laying site and shade |
| 358 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Lift the floors of chicken coops, raise enclosure away from ground level to prevent storm floods | also serves to reduce predation, and adds ventilation |
| 359 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Ensure that pig enclosures have some permanently dry space | enclosures to have a house/roof |
| 360 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Build roofing over animal coops and enclosures | use natangura or other local thatch to ensure proper cooling |
| 361 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Pig enclosures sites should be selected for well draining porous soil types | Pigs can easily drown I flooded enclosures, especially piglets |
| 362 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Do not place pig enclosures in known water channels/runoff areas | |
| 363 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Dig water runoff/drainage channels through flood prone pig enclosures | |
| 364 | Flooding | Animals develop sickness | Regularly move the location of pig enclosures so that excessive mud doesn’t accumulate in their pens | |
| 365 | Flooding | Air pollution (including volcanic ash) is washed into tanks | Tanks should be conically shaped to avoid catching volcanic ash | aid post in Taniapa is an ash catchment, ash is constantly washed into tanks |
| 366 | Flooding | Air pollution (including volcanic ash) is washed into tanks | Utilize cement water tanks in areas with volcanic ash to neutralize water pH | Cement tanks actually neutralize some drops in water pH |
| 367 | Flooding | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Ensure proper drainage: outflow needs direction away from infrastructures and towards a safer place | |
| 368 | Flooding | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Check that hand pumps are properly sealed (at top of bore hole) to prevent contamination and back leakage | |
| 369 | Flooding | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Fully check the performance of new systems 3 months – 1 yr after construction | may be constrained by budget |
| 370 | Flooding | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Build homes with cement around the base so as to prevent inundation | as in Maskellynes islands |
| 371 | Flooding | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Build homes that are raised above ground level to prevent household inundation during floods | as in W. C. Santo |
| 372 | Flooding | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Build walls and sea walls to prevent storm surge related flooding | e.g. Uripiv, built walls with stone, but filled cracks with Pandanus/coconut leaves to further cut the power of flowing water |
| 373 | Flooding | Damage to infrastructure (roads, water tanks/storage facilities- wooden tanks etc | Develop health guidelines on consumption and contamination by air pollution and ash | No acidity guidelines yet in Vanuatu |
| 374 | Flooding | Decrease in Timber quality (moulding, insufficient drying) | Construct proper timber drying facilities to ensure timber is properly dried during rainy periods | |
| 375 | Flooding | Decrease in Timber quality (moulding, insufficient drying) | Apply chemical treatments for mould | |
| 376 | Flooding | Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism | Plan and promote forest eco-tourism activities for dryer areas during prolonged rainy periods | |
| 377 | Flooding | Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism | Design forest tourism activities that are rain-proof (indoor activities- greenhouses and indoor botanical gardens) | |
| 378 | Flooding | Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism | Make personal pesticides available to tourists in mosquito-prevalent areas | |
| 379 | Flooding | Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism | Construct tourism facilities (bungalows) with durable non-weathering timber species (not likely to rot) | |
| 380 | Flooding | Impacts on Forest Eco-tourism | Advise tourism operators on differing weathering properties of various forest products | |
| 381 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Discourage burning of grasslands or marginal vegetation that holds soil | |
| 382 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Practice contour cropping/terracing | |
| 383 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Encourage rehabilitation of bare land and areas subject to soil erosion. | Vetiver grass on Aneityum |
| 384 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Utilize site capture crops to quickly revegetate bare slopes | e.g. whitewood, namamao, pioneer species |
| 385 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Utilize cover crops to hold soil | e.g. mucuna |
| 386 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Utilize barrier crops to trap and prevent sediments from eroding | Vetiver grass on Aneityum |
| 387 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Plant stabilizing trees on vulnerable slopes to control landslides | Narara is used on W. C. Santo to prevent land slides (custom) |
| 388 | Flooding | Increase soil erosion, landslides and nutrient loss | Utilize Nitrogen fixing crops | e.g. glyricidia, kasis |
| 389 | Flooding | Increase growth of weeds and invasive species | Apply local and imported herbicides (and chemical injections) | |
| 390 | Flooding | Increase growth of weeds and invasive species | Physically remove invasive species | |
| 391 | Flooding | Increase growth of weeds and invasive species | Introduce biological control of invasives | new rust being imported by Quarantine to control Mile-A-Minute vine |
| 392 | Flooding | Increase growth of weeds and invasive species | Practice regular maintenance, cleaning and weeding of forest plots | |
| 397 | Flooding | Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases | Physically remove diseased or dying trees/plants | |
| 398 | Flooding | Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases | Conduct research on specific tree pests and diseases | |
| 399 | Flooding | Outbreaks of timber and forest pests and diseases | Accurately identify pest and disease agents | |
| 400 | Flooding | Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources | Do not utilize sensitive Bush and VIP toilets in flood prone areas | Bush toilets and VIPs pits are vulnerable, although even with significant Rainfallevents, the rain filtrates quickly |
| 401 | Flooding | Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources | Do not drink ground water near bush and VIP toilets after flood conditions | Problem occurs when flooding occurs, and standing water exists for a long time (Tanna) |
| 402 | Flooding | Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources | Do not use bush and VIP toilets in areas with undrainable clay soils | Holen (Efate)- the rain goes in the pits, and overflows into the yards- very much depends on the soil type and layering |
| 403 | Flooding | Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources | Do not swim or bathe in rivers immediately following a flood event | Tagabe to Blacksands, are on the river bank- can see human waste floating past after rain events |
| 404 | Flooding | Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources | Suggest other types of toilet designs | composting toilets are a good alternative |
| 405 | Flooding | Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources | Septic tanks could be placed above ground to avoid flood contamination | |
| 406 | Flooding | Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources | Develop and follow construction standards for water supply and sanitation, use of toilets in certain areas | Already written, currently being reviewed by Hydrology |
| 407 | Flooding | Toilets over flow and contaminate water resources | Consider toilet location in terms of nearby water sources, and also in terms of soil type, nearness to sensitive areas (coral reefs etc) | for example Maskellynes – has very strong soil, so should not use pit toilets |
| 408 | Flooding | Underground wells are contaminated | clean wells immediately after major rains | |
| 409 | Flooding | Underground wells are contaminated | raise the walls of wells so that rain events do not bring debris into them directly | |
| 410 | Flooding | Waterlogged and anaerobic soils | Introduce forest plot or area drainage systems | |
| 411 | Flooding | Waterlogged and anaerobic soils | Plant water tolerant tree species in flood prone areas like coconut, bamboo, purao | |
| 412 | Flooding | Waterlogged and anaerobic soils | Plan or Relocate forestry operations to typically 'dry soil' areas | |
| 413 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Use Open and deep hole planting of Taro, dig a deep hole, place taro inside, do not bury so as to allow air cooling of the growing taro. | |
| 414 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Use low tight staking of yam vines that will not allow excessive drying out | |
| 415 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Bury harvested cassava to preserve it before consumption | |
| 416 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Learn how to make Manioc Flour (Modern & traditional methods) so that harvested tubers can be preserved for extended periods. | |
| 417 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Dig the yam, but leave it in an open hole in well drained dry ground. Cover the hole with coconut leaves. | can last for months |
| 418 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Re Bury harvested taro in well drained/sandy soil. | can last for months |
| 419 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Practice alley cropping, to provide cooling shade to vulnerable crops | Glyricidia works well, and provides nutrients , Can tie branches together to provide more shade inside alleys |
| 420 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Practice temporary alley cropping with taro to avoid extreme temperature stress | Taro has been planted inside alleys, and then removed after hot season finishes |
| 421 | Heat Stress | Crops are exposed to excessive temperatures | Practice fallow improvement to shade individual high value crops | |
| 422 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Develop databases of all Vanuatu biodiversity, including vulnerable habitats and food sources | E.g. freshwater fish database and butterfly database already begun |
| 423 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Identify and protect all species of heat-sensitive gecko | |
| 425 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | identify and replant host tree of sensitive epiphyte, orchids and lizards | E.g. in Penaru CA Santo- lives of an endemic lizards are symbiotically linked to an epiphytic plant (fern like)- lives inside the cavity |
| 426 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Identify and protect all species of heat-sensitive insects | some of these may be important agricultural pollinators (native bees) |
| 427 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Identify and protect all species of heat-sensitive high elevation birds | high elevation birds are especially vulnerable (Santo Mountain Starling and endemic pigeon Ducula bakeri) |
| 428 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Identify and protect all species of heat-sensitive ground nesting birds | ground incubating birds are especially vulnerable (Namalao) |
| 429 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Place coconut fronds or other protection over sea turtle nests on the beach to cool them down | Temperatureaffects the number of males and females of sea turtles that hatch from the nest |
| 430 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Ensure that in times of extreme temperatures, flying foxes are protected if they attempt to find food near villages in gardens | Fruit bats will likely suffer with changing/delayed fruiting seasons, also affected by increasing night time temperatures (will affect their nocturnal feeding patterns |
| 431 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Control and minimize the conversion of high montane forests through proper Land Use planning and Sustainable Ag Methods- | |
| 432 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Vanuatu's international CC negotiators must be aware of and highlight to others the potential to lose very critical ecosystems and species | |
| 433 | Heat Stress | Endemic, rare or endangered species may be lost | Restrict fishing activities on coral reefs that are already stressed from bleaching | |
| 434 | Heat Stress | Forest seeds burnt and do not have a chance to germinate | Germinate vulnerable seeds in controlled conditions (nurseries) | |
| 435 | Heat Stress | Heat Stresson humans | Reconstruction and relocation of homes/communities to areas that are sheltered by forests | |
| 436 | Heat Stress | Heat Stresson humans | Plant green spaces for outdoor congregating and relaxing | |
| 437 | Heat Stress | Heat Stresson humans | Encourage the maintenance of trees when constructing houses | build around trees, incorporate them into construction designs |
| 438 | Heat Stress | Trees wither and experience sun burn | Develop planting guidelines for each species to ensure planting in appropriate locations | |
| 439 | Heat Stress | Trees wither and experience sun burn | Identify and relocate important species to cooler locations. | |
| 440 | Heat Stress | Trees wither and experience sun burn | Plant new trees inside existing forests to exploit cooler temperatures | |
| 441 | Heat Stress | Trees wither and experience sun burn | Intercrop high canopy species in mixed planting with lower canopy species | |
| 442 | Heat Stress | Trees wither and experience sun burn | Encourage shading of germinants by mother trees | especially sandalwood seed trees. |
| 443 | Heat Stress | Trees wither and experience sun burn | Utilize shade cloths/nurseries to protect vulnerable seedlings and juvenile trees from excessive heat | GIZ Pele Pilot site. |
| 444 | Heat Stress | Trees wither and experience sun burn | Investigate and promote Temperature tolerant tree species | |
| 445 | Heat Stress | Animals are sluggish and unproductive | Goat is especially heat tolerant | |
| 446 | Heat Stress | Animals develop sunlight-related problems | Use antibiotics to treat the Charolais Bullock eyelid sores problem due to sunlight overexposure | |
| 447 | Heat Stress | Animals develop sunlight-related problems | Avoid sunlight vulnerable varieties of bullock like Charolais | Strong sunlight causes chicken's eyes to swell up (especially in black legged fowls) |
| 448 | Heat Stress | Animals develop sunlight-related problems | Encourage sunlight tolerant varieties of bullock like Brahman mixes | Crossbreed w/ Brahman and other bullock varieties are good with extreme temperatures |
| 449 | Heat Stress | Animals develop sunlight-related problems | Ensure that Charolais variety is placed in the shade during the hottest and sunniest parts of the day. | Place in shade trees for middle day times, while morning and afternoon time are best for feeding in open pastures. Nights can be spent in the open pasture. The farmer has to actually move the bullock to different areas of the farms. |
| 450 | Heat Stress | Animals develop sunlight-related problems | Cross Charolais with Brahman to develop tolerance to high light intensity. | Charolais, when cross bred with Brahman, can become tolerant to high light intensity. |
| 451 | Heat Stress | Animals develop sunlight-related problems | Place bullock in shade trees for middle day times, while morning and afternoon time are best for feeding in open pastures | Charolais and Brahman are not as resilient as others with strong sunlight or high temperatures. |
| 452 | Heat Stress | Animals overheat inside their enclosures | Ventilate chicken enclosures (e.g. with bamboo floors) | |
| 453 | Heat Stress | Animals overheat inside their enclosures | Provide Mulching or leaves inside chicken enclosures for temp cooling | |
| 454 | Heat Stress | Animals overheat inside their enclosures | Ensure there is dust available that chickens can kick up for temp regulation | only for larger animals, not chicks |
| 455 | Heat Stress | Animals overheat inside their enclosures | Keep an area of small bush inside enclosures under which they can hide | |
| 456 | Heat Stress | Animals overheat inside their enclosures | Cover fences, to provide shade and respite from sun | Malekula farmers build small shelters over their pig fences |
| 457 | Heat Stress | Water in storage reservoirs is hot | White wash (paint) the tanks for sunlight reflection to keep water cool | |
| 458 | Heat Stress | Water in storage reservoirs is hot | Build underground tanks that are not exposed to the sun | drawback of underground tanks is that it is hard to spot a leak |
| 459 | Heat Stress | Water in storage reservoirs is hot | Plant ivy and other vines around and on tanks to keep water cold | |
| 460 | Heat Stress | Water in storage reservoirs is hot | Place tanks under shelters | in Torres tanks under the house, but when sun is low, still heats tank |
| 461 | Heat Stress | Water in storage reservoirs is hot | Ferro cement tanks best resist high temperatures | may crack but can be resealed |
| 462 | Heat Stress | Water in storage reservoirs is hot | Avoid poly tanks that may melt and become deformed in high temps | poly tanks melt and become deformed in high temps |
| 463 | Heat Stress | Water in storage reservoirs is hot | Avoid fiberglass tanks that may experience inner lining peeling, and dust may have health implications | fiberglass tanks may experience inner lining peeling, and dust may have health implications |
| 464 | Sea Level Rise | Crops are exposed to high levels of salinity in soils | Relocate Gardens away from the coast | |
| 465 | Sea Level Rise | Crops are exposed to high levels of salinity in soils | Introduce buffer zones between gardens and low-lying coastal areas | |
| 466 | Sea Level Rise | Crops are exposed to high levels of salinity in soils | Find and encourage salt tolerant crops | |
| 467 | Sea Level Rise | Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna | Relocate sea turtle nests to higher, safer parts of the beach | Wan Smolbag Vanua Tai monitors have been trained on how to do this |
| 468 | Sea Level Rise | Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna | Replant coastal species following their natural zonations | water tolerant mangroves inland to dry land mangroves and other trees |
| 469 | Sea Level Rise | Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna | Regulate and limit the extraction of sand, coral and gravel for development purposes | |
| 470 | Sea Level Rise | Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna | Establish protected areas on the coastal strip | |
| 471 | Sea Level Rise | Loss of coastal habitat, flora and fauna | Ensure the adequate EIAs are completed on all coastal developments | |
| 472 | Sea Level Rise | Erosion of coastal forest areas | Plant coastal, native, endemic and site adapted species on beaches and vulnerable coasts trees to control erosion | GIZ Pele Pilot site. |
| 473 | Sea Level Rise | Erosion of coastal forest areas | Plant/protect wetland species including mangroves to reduce erosion | |
| 473 (a) | Sea Level Rise | Erosion of coastal forest areas | Erosion of coastal forest areas | GIZ Pele Pilot site. |
| 474 | Sea Level Rise | Erosion of coastal forest areas | Encourage and assist communities to establish forested buffer zones between the coast and the village | GIZ Pele Pilot site. |
| 475 | Sea Level Rise | Erosion of coastal forest areas | Research the potential for desalination and irrigation of coastal woodlots/plantations | |
| 476 | Sea Level Rise | Erosion of coastal forest areas | Relocate species of importance to higher grounds to avoid loss through sea water inundation | |
| 477 | Sea Level Rise | Erosion of coastal forest areas | Adopt coastal management or land use plans | |
| 478 | Sea Level Rise | Erosion of coastal forest areas | Find and encourage salt tolerant trees | |
| 479 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | Train bullock to use salt blocks | are already bring used by some livestock owners |
| 480 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | Allow animals to roam freely on the coast | (Ambrym, Epi, Tanna- cows already drink the pools near the coast) |
| 481 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | Allow cows and bullocks to swim in the sea | In Torres – Red bullock and local bullock- regularly walk on the reef, swim in the sea |
| 482 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | Allow chickens to walk on the reef flat to find food | Emae- fowls walk on the reef looking for food |
| 483 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | Allow pigs to scavange on the coast | In Lamap- pigs scavenge in the mangroves for food |
| 484 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | Allow pigs to swim in the sea to increase their salinity tolerance levels | on Tongoa- white pigs commonly swim in the sea |
| 485 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | To treat chicken pox, wash chickens in salt water | wild chicks sent to Pentecost caught chicken pox, and were treated with sea water face wash |
| 486 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | Allow chickens to forage from the reef and beach to uptake minerals that will strengthen their eggs | |
| 487 | Sea Level Rise | Livestock are exposed to high salinity feeds and environments | Relocate vulnerable pastures/enclosures away from the coast | |
| 488 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Use proper surveys and an altimeter to select site | If not done well, as in Maskellynes, a major shift in water usage to rain water will be required |
| 489 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Conduct a series of tests on source water quality prior to installing a new supply system | often not completed in Vanuatu due to lack of funds |
| 490 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Ensure proper site selection for bore water | E.g. Gaua- ground water best source, but 6/10 were no good, salty because checks not performed |
| 491 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Seal bore hole when drilling | |
| 492 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Review government internal processes and guidelines for selecting bore sites | Now reviewed in the National Water Strategy |
| 493 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Build capacity of govt and local communities on desalination options | Expensive because of fuel. The brine product needs proper disposal. Skills for management and maintenance is often beyond island capacity |
| 494 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Use desalination in emergency situations | Desalination may be useful for emergencies, (i.e. Mataso, while setting ups tanks, a small desalinator could be sent in temporarily |
| 495 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Trial small scale inexpensive desalination technology | VANREPA may have trialed a low cost design |
| 496 | Sea Level Rise | Sea water contaminates ground water | Desalinate sea water | An NGO trialed desalination on Rah island, but was unsuccessful |
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Modified | |
| Release Date | |
| Identifier | 3b24e94c-487d-42ee-bc36-f74bab95d7d9 |